ODS Population Studies Program

Table of Contents

• Overview
• Program Activities
• Ongoing Collaborations
• Education and Training
• Publications

Overview

The Population Studies Program evaluates the use of dietary supplements by the U.S. population and specific population subgroups and the contributions that dietary supplements make to nutritional status. Research is focused on describing the use of dietary supplements, including specific supplements taken, amount consumed, and duration of use. This program uses data from nationally representative surveys and other large population-based studies to conduct research and characterize emerging issues such as changing patterns in use of these products. Staff also lead efforts to address methodological issues in assessing dietary and dietary-supplement intakes in epidemiological and other large studies.

Program Activities

• Dietary Supplement Use
  • Characterizing supplement use in groups such as infants and toddlers, females of reproductive age, pregnant women, and older adults
  • Evaluating dietary supplement use in relation to demographics, lifestyle, health status, and disease risk
  • Estimating total nutrient intakes from all sources, including foods, beverages, and dietary supplements
     
• Nutritional Status in the U.S Population 
  • Monitoring vitamin D status  
  • Assessing iodine intake and status and identifying new biomarkers of iodine status
  • Evaluating intakes of folate and vitamin B12 and associated biomarker status
  • Investigating iron status of pregnant women and their infants
     
• Methodological Issues in Assessing Dietary Supplement Use
  • Examining various food frequency questionnaires used in studies to compare how they assess dietary supplement use.
  • Analyzing how dietary-supplement use by lactating women may affect the nutritional composition of their milk in the Human Milk Composition study being conducted by the Department of Health and Human Services
     
• Development and Use of Assessment Tools
  • Collaborating with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on developing new methods in NHANES to collect information on the use of infant formula and its composition as stated on product labels
  • Partnering with CDC on determining best methods to assess iodine intake from foods and salt
  • Consulting on issues related to dietary assessment in studies of pregnancy and offspring that have been completed or are being planned. These include:
    • The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program being coordinated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
    • The Infant Feeding Practices Study III being conducted by CDC
  • Providing input on the best approaches for dietary assessment and research needs in the following efforts:
    • The All of Us Research Program at the NIH
    • Dietary Guidelines for Americans planning guide
       
• Development and Use of Validated Biomarkers of Nutrient Exposure and Status
  • Working with a laboratory at the CDC National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) to develop new biomarkers of omega-3 fatty acids in blood and forms of folate in red blood cells
  • Working with the CDC NCEH to develop new tests for markers of inflammation and iron status, which may be used on archived samples of blood from infants and children from the National Children’s Study and new studies of intants in  NHANES. 
  • Collaborating with the CDC Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity to identify biomarkers of iodine status

Ongoing Collaborations

The Population Studies Program interacts and collaborates with these federal agencies to carry out its work: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Office of Disease Prevention (ODP), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Education and Training

The Population Studies Program will provide educational opportunities to individuals (such as summer internships) on methods to assess total nutrient intakes in large population-based studies that incorporate dietary supplement use.

Publications

• High folic acid or folate combined with low vitamin B12 status: potential but inconsistent association with cognitive function in a nationally-representative cross-sectional sample of U.S. older adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
  Bailey RL, Jun S, Murphy L, Green R , Gahche JJ, Dwyer JT, Potischman N, McCabe GP, Miller JW. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; Aug 29:nqaa239. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa239.

• Demographic, physiologic, and lifestyle characteristics observed with serum total folate differ among folate forms: cross-sectional data from fasting samples in the NHANES 2011–2016.
  Fazili Z, Sternberg MR, Potischman N, Wang C-Y, Storandt RJ, Yeung L, Yamini S, Gahche JJ, Juan W, Qi YP, et al. J Nutr 2020;150(4):851–60.

• Older adults with obesity have higher risks of some micronutrient inadequacies and lower overall dietary quality compared to peers with a healthy weight, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2011-2014.
  Jun S, Cowan AE, Bhadra A, Dodd KW, Dwyer JT, Eicher-Miller HA, Gahche JJ, Guenther PM, Potischman N, Tooze JA, Bailey RL. Public Health Nutr 2020 May 29;1-12.  

• Dietary supplement use and its micronutrient contribution during pregnancy and lactation in the United States.
  Jun S, Gahche JJ, Perrine C, Potischman N, Dwyer JT, Guenther PM, Sauder KA, Bailey RL. Obstet Gynecol 2020 Mar;135(3):623-633.

• Knowledge gaps in understanding the metabolic and clinical effects of excess folates/folic acid: a summary, and perspectives, from an NIH workshop.
  Maruvada P, Stover PJ, Mason JM, Bailey RL, Davis CD, Field M, Finnell RH, Garza C, Green R, Gueant J-L, Jacques PF, Johnston B, Klurfeld DM, Lamers Y, MacFarlane A, Joshua W Miller JV, Molloy AM, O’Connor DL, Pfeiffer CM, Potischman NA, Rodricks JV, Rosenberg IH, Shane B, Selhub J, Ross SA, Stabler SP, Trasler J, Yamini S, Zappala G. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; Oct 6;nqaa259. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa259.

• Dietary Supplement Use in Children and Adolescents Aged ≤19 Years — United States, 2017–2018.
  Stierman B, Mishra S, Gahche JJ, Potischman N, Hales CM. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1557–1562.

• Performance and Feasibility of Recalls Completed Using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool in Relation to Other Self-Report Tools and Biomarkers in the Interactive Diet and Activity Tracking in AARP (IDATA) Study.
  Subar AF, Potischman N, Dodd KW, Thompson FE, Baer DJ, PhD, Schoeller DA, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Kirkpatrick SI, Mittl B, Zimmerman TP, Douglass D, Bowles H, Park Y. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020 ;120(11):1805-1820.

• Best practices for dietary supplement assessment and estimation of total usual nutrient intakes in population-level research and monitoring.
  Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Gahche JJ, Dwyer JT, Cowan AE, Jun S, Eicher-Miller HA, Guenther PM, Bhadra A, Thomas PR, Potischman NP, Carroll RJ, Tooze JA.  J Nutr 2019;149:181-197. 

• Total usual micronutrient intakes compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes among U.S. adults by food security status.
  Cowan AE, Jun S, Tooze JA, Eicher-Miller HA, Dodd KW, Gahche JJ, Guenther PM, Dwyer JT, Potischman N, Bhadra A, Bailey RL.  Nutrients. 2019 Dec 22;12(1). pii: E38. doi: 10.3390/nu12010038.

• Dietary supplement use among infants and toddlers aged <24 months in the United States, NHANES 2007-2014.
  Gahche JJ, Herrick KA, Potischman NP, Bailey RL, Ahluwalia N, Dwyer JT.  J Nutr 2019;149:314-322.

• Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011-2014.
  Herrick KA, Storandt RJ, Afful J, Pfeiffer CM, Schleicher RL, Gahche JJ, Potischman NP.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Jul 1;110(1):150-157. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz037.

• Personal ultraviolet radiation exposure in a cohort of Chinese mother and child pairs: The Chinese Families and Children Study.
  Kimlin MG, Fang L, Feng Y, Wang L, Hao L, Fan J, Wang N, Meng F, Yang R, Cong S, Liang X, Wang B, Linet M, Potischman NP, Kitahara C, Chao A, Yu W, Sun J, Brodie A.  BMC Public Health 2019 Mar 8;19(1):281.

• Folate status in the US population 20 y after the introduction of folic acid fortification.
  Pfeiffer CM, Sternberg MR, Zhang M, Fazili Z, Storandt RJ, Crider KS, Yamini S, Gahche JJ, Juan W, Wang C-Y, Potischman N, Williams J, LaVoie DJ.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Nov 1;110(5):1088-1097. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz184.

• Total usual nutrient intakes of US children (under 48 months): findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016.
  Bailey RL, Catellier DJ, Jun S, Dwyer JT, Jacquier EF, Anater AS, Eldridge AL.  J Nutr 2018 Sep 1;148(9S):1557S-1566S.

• Use of iodine-containing dietary supplements remains low among women of reproductive age in the United States: NHANES 2011-2014.
  Gupta PM, Gahche JJ, Herrick KA, Ershow AG, Potischman N, Perrine CG. Nutrients 2018;10.

• Comparing reported dietary supplement intakes between two 24-hour recall methods: the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool and the Interview-Administered Automated Multiple Pass Method.
  Pannucci TE, Thompson FE, Bailey RL, Dodd KW, Potischman N, Kirkpatrick SI, Alexander GL, Coleman LA, Kushi LH, Groesbeck M, Sundaram M, Clancy H, George SM, Kahle L, Subar AF. J Acad Nutr Diet  2018;118:1080-6.

• Comparison of self-reported dietary intakes from the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Recall, 4-d food records, and food-frequency questionnaires against recovery biomarkers.
  Park Y, Dodd KW, Kipnis V, Thompson FE, Potischman N, Schoeller DA, Baer DJ, Midthune D, Troiano RP, Bowles H, Subar AF. Am J Clin Nutr 2018;107:80-93.

• Dietary supplement use was very high among older adults in the United States in 2011–2014.
  Gahche JJ, Bailey RL, Potischman N, Dwyer JT. J Nutr 2017;147:1968-76.

• Testing usability of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD): A resource for consumers, professionals, and researchers.
  Potischman N, Salazar S, Susser J, Saldanha LSJ, Dwyer J, Kuzak A, Betz J, Bailen R. J Nutr Educ Behav 2017;49:S99.

• Correspondence of folate dietary intake and biomarker data.
  Bailey RL, Fulgoni VL, Taylor CL, Pfeiffer CM, Thuppal SV, McCabe GP, Yetley EA. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1336-43.

• The use of digital images in 24-hour recalls may lead to less misestimation of portion size compared with traditional interviewer-administered recalls.
  Kirkpatrick SI, Potischman N, Dodd KW, Douglass D, Zimmerman TP, Kahle LL, Thompson FE, George SM, Subar AF. J Nutr 2016;146:2567-73.

• Applying inappropriate cutoffs leads to misinterpretation of folate status in the US population.
  Pfeiffer CM, Sternberg MR, Hamner HC, Crider KS, Lacher DA, Rogers LM, Bailey RL, Yetley EA. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1607-15. 

• Estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio in the American diet: data from the 2011-2012 NHANES.
  Bailey RL, Parker EA, Rhodes DG, Goldman JD, Clemens JC, Moshfegh AJ, Thuppal SV, Weaver CM. J Nutr 2016 Mar 9. pii: jn221184. [Epub ahead of print]

• A review of cutoffs for nutritional biomarkers.
  Raghavan R, Ashour FS, Bailey R. Adv Nutr 2016;7:112-20.

• Update on NHANES dietary data: focus on collection, release, analytical considerations, and uses to inform public policy.
  Ahluwalia N, Dwyer J, Terry A, Moshfegh A, Johnson C. Adv Nutr 2016;7:121-34.

• Use of highly fortified products among US adults.
  Costello R, Dwyer J, Bailey R, Saldanha L, French S. Nutr Today 2015;50:294-300.
   
• B-vitamin status and bone mineral density and risk of lumbar osteoporosis in older females in the United States.
  Bailey RL, Looker AC, Lu Z, Fan R, Eicher-Miller HA, Fakhouri TH, Gahche JJ, Weaver CM, Mills JL. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:687-94.
   
• Using 2 assessment methods may better describe dietary supplement intakes in the United States.
  Nicastro HL, Bailey RL, Dodd KW.  J Nutr 2015;145:1630-4.
   
• Folate status and concentrations of serum folate forms in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2.
  Pfeiffer CM, Sternberg MR, Fazili Z, Lacher DA, Zhang M, Johnson CL, Hamner HC, Bailey RL, Rader JI, Yamini S, Berry RJ, Yetley EA. Br J Nutr 2015;113:1965-77.
   
• Unmetabolized folic acid is detected in nearly all serum samples from US children, adolescents, and adults.
  Pfeiffer CM, Sternberg MR, Fazili Z, Yetley EA, Lacher DA, Bailey RL, Johnson CL. J Nutr 2015;145:520-31.
   
• Multivitamin-mineral use is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease mortality among women in the United States.
  Bailey RL, Fakhouri TH, Park Y, Dwyer JT, Thomas PR, Gahche JJ, Miller PE, Dodd KW, Sempos CT, Murray DM. J Nutr 2015;145:572-8.