March 26, 2024
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Updated the Vitamin B12 Intakes and Status section with newer data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
February 27, 2024
Corrected the range of serum vitamin B12 levels for which experts recommend checking serum MMA levels to help confirm a diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency.
December 15, 2023
Clarified the types of foods that contain vitamin B12 and added oysters as a source of vitamin B12 to Table 2.
December 22, 2022
Updated Table 2 to remove bluefin tuna and add canned light tuna.
March 9, 2022
Added text to state that some studies have found associations between vitamin B12 deficiency or low vitamin B12 intakes and depression; also added references 36-38.
April 6, 2021
This fact sheet was comprehensively reviewed and extensively revised.
March 26, 2021
Updated the Daily Value text, linked to the new edition of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and updated the associated text.
March 30, 2020
Revised the "Prescription medications" sections to state that vitamin B12 in a nasal gel spray formulation appears to be effective in raising vitamin B12 blood levels in adults and children (cited Estourgie-van Burk, et al. as reference 23).
February 19, 2020
Updated Sources of Vitamin B12 to reflect the new Daily Value and the new Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts Labels.
July 9, 2019
Updated the link to USDA’s FoodData Central.
November 29, 2018
Updated the food sources table to include fortified nutritional yeasts and made accompanying minor changes within the text.
August 22, 2018
Revised the footnote in Table 2 to acknowledge the updated Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels and how the vitamin B12 Daily Value will change on these labels.
March 2, 2018
Updated Dietary Reference Intake definitions.
