NIH CARBON/Botanical Research Centers Program: Plants & Phytochemicals

Botanicals Enhancing Neurological and Functional Resilience in Aging (BENFRA)

leaves and flowers

acetone extract

Duppong LM, Delate K, Liebman M, Horton R, Romero F, Kraus G, Petrich J, Chowdbury PK. The effect of natural mulches on crop performance, weed suppression and biochemical constituents of catnip and St. John's wort. Crop Sci. 2004;44(3):861-869.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Gotu kola)

dried aerial tops

boiling water extract, 80g herb:1 L water

Wright KM, McFerrin J, Alcázar Magaña A, Roberts J, Caruso M, Kretzschmar D, Stevens JF, Maier CS, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A. Developing a rational, optimized product of Centella asiatica for examination in clinical trials: real world challenges. Front Nutr. 2022 Jan 14;8:799137. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.799137 .

(Tart) Cherry (Prunus cerasus)

drupes

juice

Losso JN, Finley JW, Karki N, Liu AG, Prudente A, Tipton R, Yu Y, Greenway FL. Pilot study of the tart cherry juice for the treatment of insomnia and investigation of mechanisms. Am J Ther. 2018 Mar/Apr;25(2):e194-e201. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000584.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

Dietary Botanicals in the Preservation of Cognitive and Psychological Resilience

dried root

95% ethanol extract

Schmidt BM, Ilic N, Poulev A, Raskin I. Toxicological evaluation of a chicory root extract. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Jul;45(7):1131-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.019.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

NA

Dubner L, Wang J, Ho L, Ward L, Pasinetti GM. Recommendations for development of new standardized forms of cocoa breeds and cocoa extract processing for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease: role of cocoa in promotion of cognitive resilience and healthy brain Aging. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;48(4):879-89. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150536.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon AITON)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

dried stems, leaves

DNA extract

Xu H, Fabricant DS, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pezzuto JM, Fong H, Totura S, Farnsworth NR, Constantinou AI. A preliminary RAPD-PCR analysis of Cimicifuga species and other botanicals used for women's health. Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):757-62. doi: 10.1078/094471102321621403.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)

berries

concentrate powder, urine from female Fischer-344 rats

Rajbhandari R, Peng N, Moore R, Arabshahi A, Wyss JM, Barnes S, Prasain JK. Determination of cranberry phenolic metabolites in rats by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Jun 22;59(12):6682-8. doi: 10.1021/jf200673h.

Curcuma comosa

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

roots

hexane extract

Su J, Sripanidkulchai K, Wyss JM, Sripanidkulchai B. Curcuma comosa improves learning and memory function on ovariectomized rats in a long-term Morris water maze test. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Jul 6;130(1):70-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.012.

Dogwood (Cornus officinalis Sieb. & Zucc.)

fruits

sequential organic extractions

Overk CR, Yao P, Chen S, Deng S, Imai A, Main M, Schinkovitz A, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. High-content screening and mechanism-based evaluation of estrogenic botanical extracts. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2008 May;11(4):283-93. doi: 10.2174/138620708784246022.

Echinacea purpurea (L.) (purple coneflower)

UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research – Botanicals

aerial parts

ethanol extract

Fusco D, Liu X, Savage C, Taur Y, Xiao W, Kennelly E, Yuan J, Cassileth B, Salvatore M, Papanicolaou GA. Echinacea purpurea aerial extract alters course of influenza infection in mice. Vaccine. 2010 May 21;28(23):3956-62. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.047.

Echinacea angustifolia (DC..) (Kansas snakeroot, narrow-leaved purple coneflower)

leaves

DNA extract

Still DW, Kim DH, Aoyama N. Genetic variation in Echinacea angustifolia along a climatic gradient. Ann Bot. 2005 Sep;96(3):467-77. doi: 10.1093/aob/mci199.

Echinacea spp. (angustifolia, pallida, purpurea, paradoxa, sanguinea, simulata, tennesseensis, atrorubens, laevigata)

Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention

above and below-ground parts

ethanol extract

Kraus GA, Bae J, Wu L, Wurtele E. Synthesis and natural distribution of anti-inflammatory alkamides from Echinacea. Molecules. 2006;11:758-67. doi: 10.3390/11100758.

Echium (Echium plantagineum L.)

seeds

oil

Zhang P, Boudyguina E, Wilson MD, Gebre AK, Parks JS. Echium oil reduces plasma lipids and hepatic lipogenic gene expression in apoB100-only LDL receptor knockout mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Oct;19(10):655-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.08.005.

Elderberry, European elder (Sambucus nigra)

Botanical Interaction Studies

drupes

methanol extract of juice

Johnson MC, Thomas AL, Greenlief CM. Impact of Frozen Storage on the Anthocyanin and Polyphenol Content of American Elderberry Fruit Juice. J Agric Food Chem. 2015; 63: 5653–5659. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01702

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention

seeds

ground and incorporated into diet

Bruce-Keller AJ, Richard AJ, Fernandez-Kim SO, Ribnicky DM, Salbaum JM, Newman S, Carmouche R, Stephens JM. Fenugreek counters the effects of high fat diet on gut microbiota in mice: links to metabolic benefit. Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 27;10(1):1245. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58005-7.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum)

seeds

oil

Chilton FH, Rudel LL, Parks JS, Arm JP, Seeds MC. Mechanisms by which botanical lipids affect inflammatory disorders. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;87(2):498S-503S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/87.2.498S.

Garcinia kola Heckel (Bitter nut)

Botanical Interaction Studies

seeds

combined organic fractions from ground seeds

Okunji C, Komarnytsky S, Fear G, Poulev A, Ribnicky DM, Awachie PI, Ito Y, Raskin I. Preparative isolation and identification of tyrosinase inhibitors from the seeds of Garcinia kola by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Jun 1;1151(1-2):45-50. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.085.

Garlic (Allium sativum)

aged cloves

aqueous extract

Zhou H, Qu Z, Mossine VV, Nknolise DL, Li J, Chen Z, Cheng J, Greenlief CM, Mawhinney TP, Brown PN, Fritsche KL, Hannink M, Lubahn DB, Sun GY, Gu Z. Proteomic analysis of the effects of aged garlic extract and its FruArg component on lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory response in microglial cells. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 24;9(11):e113531. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113531.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Arizona Center for Phytomedicine Research

root extract, gingerols

dichloromethane extract

Jolad SD, Lantz RC, Solyom AM, Jie Chen G, Bates RB, Timmermann BN. Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry;65(13):1937-54. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.008.

Ginkgo biloba L.

dried stems, leaves, roots

DNA extract

Xu H, Fabricant DS, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pezzuto JM, Fong H, Totura S, Farnsworth NR, Constantinou AI. A preliminary RAPD-PCR analysis of Cimicifuga species and other botanicals used for women's health. Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):757-62. doi: 10.1078/094471102321621403.

Ginseng (Chinese or Korean) (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

roots

methanol extract

Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2472-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0014157.

American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)

Botanicals Enhancing Neurological and Functional Resilience in Aging (BENFRA)

roots

methanol extract

Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2472-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0014157.

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban)

dried aerial tops

boiling water extract, 80g herb:1 L water

Wright KM, McFerrin J, Alcázar Magaña A, Roberts J, Caruso M, Kretzschmar D, Stevens JF, Maier CS, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A. Developing a rational, optimized product of Centella asiatica for examination in clinical trials: real world challenges. Front Nutr. 2022 Jan 14;8:799137. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.799137.

Grape (Vitis vinifera)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

phenolic enriched fraction from pomace

ethyl acetate, water

Maestre R, Douglass JD, Kodukula S, Medina I, Storch J. Alterations in the intestinal assimilation of oxidized PUFAs are ameliorated by a polyphenol-rich grape seed extract in an in vitro model and Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2013 Mar;143(3):295-301. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.160101.

Grape (Vitis vinifera)

grape cell suspension cultures

NA

Janle EM, Lila MA, Grannan M, Wood L, Higgins A, Yousef GG, Rogers RB, Kim H, Jackson GS, Ho L, Weaver CM. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled grape polyphenols in the periphery and the central nervous system following oral administration. J Med Food. 2010;13(4):926-33. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0157.

Grape (Vitis vinifera)

Dietary Botanicals in the Preservation of Cognitive and Psychological Resilience

seeds (GSPE)

water

Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, Ono K, Rosensweig C, Chen L, Humala N, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GM. Grape-derived polyphenolics prevent Abeta oligomerization and attenuate cognitive deterioration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 18;28(25):6388-92. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0364-08.2008.

(Green) tea (Camellia sinensis)

UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research – Botanicals

leaves

proprietary extract and purchased catechins

Sartippour MR, Heber D, Ma J, Lu Q, Go VL, Nguyen M. Green tea and its catechins inhibit breast cancer xenografts. Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(2):149-56. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC402_11.

(Green) tea (Camellia sinensis)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

leaves

water

Peters CM, Green RJ, Janle EM, Ferruzzi MG. Formulation with ascorbic acid and sucrose modulates catechin bioavailability from green tea. Food Res Int. 2010 Jan 1;43(1):95-102. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2009.08.016.

Groundsel (Baccharis halimifolia)

lyophilized plant

80% aqueous ethanol

Boudreau A, Cheng DM, Ruiz C, Ribnicky D, Allain L, Brassieur CR, Turnipseed DP, Cefalu WT, Floyd ZE. Screening native botanicals for bioactivity: an interdisciplinary approach. Nutrition. 2014 Jul-Aug;30(7-8 Suppl):S11-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.028. Epub 2014 Mar 15.

Hoodia gordonii (Hoodia)

dried aerial parts

methanol-dichloromethane

Komarnytsky S, Esposito D, Poulev A, Raskin I. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23065845/. J Cell Physiol. 2013 May;228(5):1120-6. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24262.

Hops (Humulus lupulus)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

hops, strobiles

methanol

Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2472-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0014157.

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata)

United States Department of Agriculture no. PI 434246. hairy root cultures

80% aqueous methanol

Mun JG, Lachcik PJ, Rogers RB, Yousef GG, Grace MH, Janle EM, Wu QL, Simon JE, Weaver CM, Lila MA. Tracking deposition of a 14C-radiolabeled kudzu hairy root-derived isoflavone-rich fraction into bone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010; 235(10):1224-35. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010134.

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willd. Ohwi.))

aerial parts

petroleum ether, dichloromethane, 75% ethanol

Overk CR, Yao P, Chen S, Deng S, Imai A, Main M, Schinkovitz A, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. High-content screening and mechanism-based evaluation of estrogenic botanical extracts. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2008 May;11(4):283-93. doi: 10.2174/138620708784246022.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

leaf flavonoids

methanol or water

Cheng DM, Pogrebnyak N, Kuhn P, Poulev A, Waterman C, Rojas-Silva P, Johnson WD, Raskin I. Polyphenol-rich Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce improves glucose metabolism and liver lipid accumulation in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition. 2014 Jul-Aug;30(7-8 Suppl):S52-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.022.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp)

Mechanisms, Dose and Target Tissues

glabra, inflata, uralensis (isoliquritigenin, liquiritigenin, licochalcone A)

methanol

Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2472-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0014157.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

powdered root and isolated constituents

methanol extract

Boonmuen N, Gong P, Ali Z, Chittiboyina AG, Khan I, Doerge DR, Helferich WG, Carlson KE, Martin T, Piyachaturawat P, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS. Licorice root components in dietary supplements are selective estrogen receptor modulators with a spectrum of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities. Steroids. 2016 Jan;105:42-9. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.006.

Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis)

freeze-dried berries

anthocyanin-enriched material from methanol extraction, see Rojo LE, et al.

Lila MA, Ribnicky DM, Rojo LE, Rojas-Silva P, Oren A, Havenaar R, Janle EM, Raskin I, Yousef GG, Grace MH. Complementary approaches to gauge the bioavailability and distribution of ingested berry polyphenolics. J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60(23): 5763–5771. doi: 10.1021/jf203526h.

Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa)

fruiting bodies

made under patented methods (Japan Pat. No. 2859843/US Pat. No. 5,854,404) and provided by Yuikiguni Maitake Corp. through the Tradeworks group

Lin H, De Stanchina E, Zhou XK, She Y, Hoang D, Cheung SW, Cassileth B, Cunningham-Rundles S. Maitake beta-glucan enhances umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation in the NOD/SCID mouse. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009 Mar;234(3):342-53. doi: 10.3181/0807-RM-226.

Malanga (or cocoyam or yautia) (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)

tubers

boiled

Graf BL, Zhang L, Corradini MG, Kuhn P, Newman SS, Salbaum JM, Raskin I. J Physicochemical differences between malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers are associated with differential effects on the gut microbiome. Funct Foods. 2018; 45: 268–276. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.032.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.)

fruits

acetone extract

AbouZid SF, Chen S-N, Pauli GF. Silymarin content in Silybum marianum populations growing in Egypt. Ind Crops Prod. 2016. 83: 729–737. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.012

Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata L.)

dried, milled aerial parts

methanol extract

Komarnytsky S, Esposito D, Poulev A, Raskin I. Pregnane glycosides interfere with steroidogenic enzymes to down-regulate corticosteroid production in human adrenocortical H295R cells. J Cell Physiol. 2013 May;228(5):1120-6. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24262.

Moringa oleifera

seed, MIC-1, Moringa isothiocyanates

ethanol extract

Jaja-Chimedza A, Zhang L, Wolff K, Graf BL, Kuhn P, Moskal K, Carmouche R, Newman S, Salbaum JM, Raskin I. A dietary isothiocyanate-enriched moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed extract improves glucose tolerance in a high-fat-diet mouse model and modulates the gut microbiome. J Funct Foods. 2018 Aug;47:376-385. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.056.

Nettle (stinging) (Urtica dioica)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

above ground parts

80% ethanol extract

Obanda DN, Ribnicky D, Yu Y, Stephens J, Cefalu WT. An extract of Urtica dioica L. mitigates obesity induced insulin resistance in mice skeletal muscle via protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 22222. doi: 10.1038/srep22222.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Mushroom above ground parts

ethanol extract

Jedinak A, Dudhgaonkar S, Jiang J, Sandusky G, Sliva D. Pleurotus ostreatus inhibits colitis-related colon carcinogenesis in mice. Int J Mol Med. 2010 Nov;26(5):643-50. doi: 10.3892/ijmm_00000509.

Pepper (Bird) (Capsicum annuum)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

NA

commercially available compounds

Zhou Q, Zhu Y, Chiang H, Yagiz K, Morre DJ, Morre DM, Janle E, Kissinger PT. Identification of the major vanilloid component in Capsicum extract by HPLC-EC and HPLC-MS. Phytochem Anal. 2004 Mar-Apr;15(2):117-20. doi: 10.1002/pca.754.

Piper multiplinervium

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

NA

Synthesized per reference

Kraus GA, Chaudhary D, Riley S, Liu F, Schlapkohl A, Weems M, Phillips GJ. Synthesis of 3-farnesyl salicylic acid, a novel antimicrobial from Piper multiplinervium. Nat Prod Commun. 2013 Jul;8(7):911-3.

Plum (Prunus domestica)

fruit, powder

not described

Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, Ferruzzi MG, Weaver CM. Plum and soy aglycon extracts superior at increasing bone calcium retention in ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jul 2;62(26):6108-17. doi: 10.1021/jf403310q.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research – Botanicals

arils

juice and solid phase extract

Seeram NP, Zhang Y, McKeever R, Henning SM, Lee RP, Suchard MA, Li Z, Chen S, Thames G, Zerlin A, Nguyen M, Wang D, Dreher M, Heber D. Pomegranate juice and extracts provide similar levels of plasma and urinary ellagitannin metabolites in human subjects. J Med Food. 2008 Jun;11(2):390-4. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2007.650.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

protease inhibitors from juiced tubers

aqueous extraction and fractionation

Komarnytsky S, Cook A, Raskin I. Potato protease inhibitors inhibit food intake and increase circulating cholecystokinin levels by a trypsin-dependent mechanism. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Feb;35(2):236-43. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.192.

Prunella vulgaris L. (Heal-all, self-heal)

dried, ground upper flowering portions, harvested at peak flowering

95% ethanol extract

Qiang Z, Ye Z, Hauck C, Murphy PA, McCoy JA, Widrlechner MP, Reddy MB, Hendrich S. Permeability of rosmarinic acid in Prunella vulgaris and ursolic acid in Salvia officinalis extracts across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 11;137(3):1107-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.037.

Pueraria mirifica Airy, Shaw & Suvatabandhu (Kwao keur)

bark and fruits

sequential organic extraction

Overk CR, Yao P, Chen S, Deng S, Imai A, Main M, Schinkovitz A, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. High-content screening and mechanism-based evaluation of estrogenic botanical extracts. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2008 May;11(4):283-93. doi: 10.2174/138620708784246022.

Quillaja saponaria (soap tree)

bark

saponin fraction

Adams MM, Damani P, Perl NR, Won A, Hong F, Livingston PO, Ragupathi G, Gin DY. Design and synthesis of potent Quillaja saponin vaccine adjuvants. J Am Chem Soc. 2010. 132(6):1939-45. doi: 10.1021/ja9082842.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

seed

80% ethanol leachate

Graf, BL, Poulev A, Kuhn P, Grace M, Lila MA, Raskin I. Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties. Food Chem. 2014; 163:178-85. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.088.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

whole-fruit red raspberry juice concentrate (FruitFast)

phenolic-enriched, methanol-soluble fraction

Kshatriya D, Li X, Giunta GM, Yuan B, Zhao D, Simon JE, Wu Q, Bello NT. Phenolic-enriched raspberry fruit extract (Rubus idaeus) resulted in lower weight gain, increased ambulatory activity, and elevated hepatic lipoprotein lipase and heme oxygenase-1 expression in male mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res. 2019 Aug;68:19-33. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.05.005.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

aerial parts

methanol extract

Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem. 2001. 49(5):2472-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0014157.

Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB, Banuvar S, Zhou Y, Epstein G, Hedayat S, Nikolic D, Krause EC, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2009 Nov-Dec;16(6):1156-66. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181ace49b.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense)

suspension culture

methanol extract

Mun JG, Grannan MD, Lachcik PJ, Reppert A, Yousef GG, Rogers RB, Janle EM, Weaver CM, Lila MA. In vivo metabolic tracking of 14C-radiolabelled isoflavones in kudzu (Pueraria lobata) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) extracts. Br J Nutr. 2009 Nov;102(10):1523-30. doi: 10.1017/S000711450999047X.

Rhodiola rosea L.

rhizome/root

centrifugal partition chromatography

Tang Y, Friesen JB, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, Nikolić DS, Niemitz M, Seigler DS, Graham JG, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Quantum mechanics-based structure analysis of cyclic monoterpene glycosides from Rhodiola rosea. J Nat Prod. 2020. 83(6):1950-1959. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00212.

Rhodiola rosea L.

root

from Unichem, Inc.

Verpeut JL, Walters AL, Bello NT. Citrus aurantium and Rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res. 2013. 33(6):503-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.001

Rice (Oryza sativa); Cultivars Cocodrie and IAC600 from USDA

UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research – Botanicals

embryos and pericarps, ground

70% methanol

Poulev A, Heckman JR, Raskin I, Belanger FC. Tricin levels and expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in developing grains of purple and brown pericarp rice. PeerJ. 2019;7. doi: 10.7717/peerj.6477.

Rice (Oryza sativa)

Chinese red yeast rice: Whit rice fermented by Monascus purpureus Went (yeast)

purchased supplement

Li Z, Seeram NP, Lee R, Thames G, Minutti C, Wang HJ, Heber D. Plasma clearance of lovastatin versus Chinese red yeast rice in healthy volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2005 Dec;11(6):1031-8. doi: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.1031.

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

NA

commercial ethanol extract and rosmarinic acid

Qiang Z, Ye Z, Hauck C, Murphy PA, McCoy JA, Widrlechner MP, Reddy MB, Hendrich S. Permeability of rosmarinic acid in Prunella vulgaris and ursolic acid in Salvia officinalis extracts across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 11;137(3):1107-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.037.

Schisandra chinensis BAILL. (five flavor fruit)

fruit

methanol and NADES extract

Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chen SN, Friesen JB, Nikolić D, Choules MP, McAlpine JB, Lankin DC, Gemeinhart RA, Pauli GF. The influence of natural deep eutectic solvents on bioactive natural products: studying interactions between a hydrogel model and Schisandra chinensis metabolites. Fitoterapia. 2018 Jun;127:212-219. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.024.

Shilianhua (Sinocrassula indica Berge)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

aerial parts of wild grown plants

aqueous and ethanol extracts

Yin J, Zuberi A, Gao Z, Liu D, Liu Z, Cefalu WT, Ye J. Effect of Shilianhua extract and its fractions on body weight of obese mice. Metabolism. 2008. 57(7 Suppl 1):S47-51. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.03.004.

Soy (Glycine max)

defatted soybean flakes

ethanol extract, in tablets

Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, McCabe L, Jackson GS, Peacock M, Barnes S, Weaver CM. Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015. 102(3):695-703. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.093906.

Soy (Glycine max)

Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention

beans

oil

Sergeant S, Hallmark B, Mathias RA, Mustin TL, Ivester P, Bohannon ML, Ruczinski I, Johnstone L, Seeds MC, Chilton FH. Prospective clinical trial examining the impact of genetic variation in FADS1 on the metabolism of linoleic acid- and ɣ-linolenic acid-containing botanical oils. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 May 1;111(5):1068-1078. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa023.

Soy (Glycine max)

Mechanisms, Dose and Target Tissues

NA

isoflavones: equol, genistein

Song H, Hughes JR, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Doerge DR, Helferich WG. (±)-Equol does not interact with genistein on estrogen-dependent breast tumor growth. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020 Feb;136:110979. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110979.

Soy (Glycine max)

UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research – Botanicals

NA

purchased daidzein, daidzin, equol, genistein, genistin and “soy flavonoid products”

Gao K, Xu A, Krul C, Venema K, Liu Y, Niu Y, Lu J, Bensoussan L, Seeram NP, Heber D, Henning SM. Of the major phenolic acids formed during human microbial fermentation of tea, citrus, and soy flavonoid supplements, only 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid has antiproliferative activity. J Nutr. 2006. 136(1):52-7. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.1.52.

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

leaf, flower (active) and stem (inactive)

80% aqueous ethanol

Amini Z, Boyd B, Doucet J, Ribnicky DM, Stephens JM. St. John's Wort inhibits adipocyte differentiation and induces insulin resistance in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009. 388(1):146-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.137.

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

UCLA Center for Dietary Supplements Research – Botanicals

upper flowering tops

acetone

Duppong LM, Delate K, Liebman M, Horton R, Romero F, Kraus G, Petrich J, Chowdbury PK. The effect of natural mulches on crop performance, weed suppression and biochemical constituents of catnip and St. John's wort. Crop Sci. 2004;44(3):861-869.

St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)

native plant

ethanol

Wong M-L, O’Kirwan F, Hannestad JP, Irizarry KJL, Elashoff D, Licinio J. St John's wort and imipramine-induced gene expression profiles identify cellular functions relevant to antidepressant action and novel pharmacogenetic candidates for the phenotype of antidepressant treatment response. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9(3):237-51. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001470.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)

Botanical Interaction Studies

husk

powdered husk fiber (0.75% soluble fiber)

Wang ZQ, Yu Y, Zhang XH, Floyd ZE, Boudreau A, Lian K, Cefalu WT. Comparing the effects of nano-sized sugarcane fiber with cellulose and psyllium on hepatic cellular signaling in mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:2999-3012. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S30887.

Sutherlandia frutescens (cancer bush)

powdered vegetative parts

aqueous extract

Lei W, Browning JD Jr, Eichen PA, Lu CH, Mossine VV, Rottinghaus GE, Folk WR, Sun GY, Lubahn DB, Fritsche KL. Immuno-stimulatory activity of a polysaccharide-enriched fraction of Sutherlandia frutescens occurs by the toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Aug 22;172:247-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.013.

Thundergod vine (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook)

Botanicals Research Center for Age Related Diseases

de-barked roots

ethanol extract followed by partition into ethyl acetate

Ma J, Dey M, Yang H, Poulev A, Pouleva R, Dorn R, Lipsky PE, Kennelly EJ, Raskin I. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii. Phytochemistry. 2007 Apr;68(8):1172-8. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.021.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

NA

curcumin in DMSO

Zhang HG, Kim H, Liu C, Yu S, Wang J, Grizzle WE, Kimberly RP, Barnes S. Curcumin reverses breast tumor exosomes mediated immune suppression of NK cell tumor cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Jul;1773(7):1116-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.04.015.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

roots

supercritical extract and hydroethanolic extract comparison

Krasovsky J, Chang DH, Deng G, Yeung S, Lee M, Leung PC, Cunningham-Rundles S, Cassileth B, Dhodapkar MV. Inhibition of human dendritic cell activation by hydroethanolic but not lipophilic extracts of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Planta Med. 2009 Mar;75(4):312-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1088367.

Valerian (Valeriana officinialis L.)

dried stems, leaves, roots

DNA extract

Xu H, Fabricant DS, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pezzuto JM, Fong H, Totura S, Farnsworth NR, Constantinou AI. A preliminary RAPD-PCR analysis of Cimicifuga species and other botanicals used for women's health. Phytomedicine. 2002. 9(8):757-62. doi: 10.1078/094471102321621403.

Viburnum opulus L. (Cramp bark, Guelder rose)

NA

Dietz BM, Hajirahimkhan A, Dunlap TL, Bolton JL. Botanicals and their bioactive phytochemicals for women's health. Pharmacol Rev. 2016. 68(4):1026-1073. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.010843.

Viburnum prunifolium L. (Black haw)

dried stems, leaves, roots

DNA extract

Dietz BM, Hajirahimkhan A, Dunlap TL, Bolton JL. Botanicals and their bioactive phytochemicals for women's health. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Oct;68(4):1026-1073. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.010843.

Xu H, Fabricant DS, Piersen CE, Bolton JL, Pezzuto JM, Fong H, Totura S, Farnsworth NR, Constantinou AI. A preliminary RAPD-PCR analysis of Cimicifuga species and other botanicals used for women's health. Phytomedicine. 2002. 9(8):757-62. doi: 10.1078/094471102321621403.

Vitex agnus-castus L. (chastetree)

roots

methanol extract

Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem. 2001. 49(5):2472-9. doi: 10.1021/jf0014157.

Water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.)

rhizomes

organic extracts

Overk CR, Yao P, Chen S, Deng S, Imai A, Main M, Schinkovitz A, Farnsworth NR, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. High-content screening and mechanism-based evaluation of estrogenic botanical extracts. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2008. 11(4):283-93. doi: 10.2174/138620708784246022.

Yam (wild) (Dioscorea villosa)